Methods and Techniques Required to Produce Mayonnaise

Making mayonnaise Abtract A combination of oil, water, egg yolk, and stabilizers was combined in an effort to produce mayonnaise. The final emulsion was a result of a trial and error process to perfect the timing and order of the addition of ingredients. The procedure was only attempted once. It was concluded that adding the oil slowly to the egg yolk and adding the stabilizers at the end would produce a mayonnaise similar to manufactured mayonnaise. Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to determine the methods and techniques equired to produce mayonnaise.Mayonnaise is an emulsion, which means that it is a stable combination of two liquids that are immiscible. They key to this concept is that the combination must be stable. Water and oil, for example, do not combine to form an emulsion because of hydrogen bonds that form between each other in water molecules. These bonds prevent oil molecules from getting in. In order to create an emulsion, an emulsifier must be added to th e combination. An emulsifier is a compound that stabilizes emulsions.These emulsifiers, which are also often added to soap, have long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a hydrophilic (water loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) ends. This allows them to form a stable bridge between the hydrophilic water and the hydrophobic oil. Lecithin, a phospholipid with a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails found in egg yolks, is one example of how emulsifiers can take shape. This is relevant to the production of mayonnaise because mayonnaise is an emulsion legally defined as including â€Å"65% il and egg yolk†.The emulsifying agent in mayonnaise is the egg yolk, which is an emulsion of it's own with †48% water, †16% proteins, †10% lecithin and †13% fats and cholesterol. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and various other proteins can be found in the yolk. HDL particles require an extra boost to improve their ability to act as an emulsifier because their particles are too large to coat the oil droplets without being separated from another.

Analyzing Bertrand Russell Essay

I believe what Russell was stating was that we not only need to nourish our bodies, we also need to tend to our minds as well. We must be careful not to sink into monotony, because when we do we tend to fall back to the base instincts of operating on routine rather than using our minds. When this happens we risk starving ourselves intellectually. The whole basis of philosophy is that there is no right answer, philosophers debate and never come to any real conclusion. Basically the foundation of philosophy is the opinion of one or many, and when an answer has been validated, it shifts from opinion into fact. Once it becomes a fact, it falls into the science of facts vs falsehoods. One example would be the original thought of the sun revolving around the earth, at the time that was a Fact. After much research it became disputed and opinionated. Now, everyone knows for a fact that the Earth is revolving around the sun instead of vice-versa Is there a God? This question will remain insoluble because science cannot prove or disprove the existence of a higher power. Is there intelligent life in out there? This chance of this question being answered is relatively higher than the previous. But currently it is insoluble due to a lack of interest in that field. Is there an afterlife? This will be insoluble because it is impossible to discern due to it being impossible without experiencing it first-hand. What is the meaning of life? This question (for some reason) is on many peoples minds, but to most it will remain a mystery. When is the end? This day and age seems to be riddled with people who are doomsayers, who think they can see the apocalypse approaching. But in truth, no one knows how it will end, its all speculation. To me it sounds like Russell is attempting to explain that the journey through life tends to wear on most people, until they just shuffle from one day to the next, from â€Å"cradle to grave†. They ask no questions, have no wonderment at life’s mysteries, and are content to take things at â€Å"face value†. For those of us who look at life and question what they experience or see, it leads to discussions with others, which sometimes leads to conclusions. The apple falling on Newtons head (be it a metaphorical or a literal) led to the question of gravity and how it effects objects. Despite this question leading into a purely scientific/mathematical field, I still believe it was a philosophic question, as I am sure Newton discussed his ideas with his colleagues. This being said, I believe Aristotle said â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living. † because to accept things that you see without question leads you down a very simplistic path with no knowledge gained, whereas a life full of questions and curiosities can open up doors, not just in an individuals life but in the lives of all mankind. It is this difference that makes a life worth living. In my opinion, Russell believed that a life boxed in by religious or political restraints on free thinkers stifles not only the individual, but humanity as a whole. The questions we pose to ourselves and others have potentially world changing effects, whether they be for good or bad. Comparing Bertrand Russell to Perictione is the common comparison of yin and yang. Bertrand seems like he wants the questions encountered through life to remain insoluble while Perictione speaks as if he wants to break down everything to its basic components and discover the truth in how they operate. The reason why I am studying philosophy is truly to cure me of my narcissism, things are very black and white to me and it is hard to see any shades of gray between the two. To me there is right and wrong, facts and fallacies, despite the fact that life and all things contained therein are rarely so simple. If I can break myself of this pattern of feeling like my opinion is superior to others then I feel like I can grow intellectually.

Benefits of Video Games Essay

In today’s frantic and stressful society, a desire to escape sometimes is imminent. There are piles of work to do, constant headaches, and relationship tensions are rising. In this current condition one may be aware that it will be impossible to get anything accomplished. What one really needs is a chance to get away from it all, to replenish the mind and release all of their apprehension. A relaxing vacation to a secluded private island would do the trick, but of course this is impractical. Instead, at no cost one can fully immerse into a lush, stunning virtual paradise oozing with beauty and serenity. This is the magnificence of the modern video game world; it lets a person be somebody they could only dream of, construct amazing structures and inventions, or can even provide relief and fulfillment. However, stress relief and personal enjoyment are not the sole advantages. Video games should be more widely accepted and integrated into the daily and professional lives of individuals because of the many positive effects they create, which include: self satisfaction, educational and economic opportunities, advances in technology and science, and the spawning of creativity and ingenuity. One of the age old attacks against video games is the statement that they contain an addictive allure that grabs hold of students and chokes the academic life out of them; well, according to recent studies, quite the opposite may be observed. In a study of young children age four and five, conducted by the Ready to Learn Initiative, it was found that through the addition of digital devices and video games into a school curriculum, it was possible to greatly increase letter recognition and early literacy skills. A further study by the Education Department Center found that kindergarteners with poor home conditions, who had experienced a video game based curriculum in preschool, were more adapted and successful (â€Å"The Benefits†). This prevents students from falling behind and creates interest in school. Although it is true that a handful of games possess no real advantages and are a distraction from work, the sheer number of games designed as educational tools or as brain-teasers clearly outweigh that fraction. In fact, nearly sixty percent of all video games are categorized as E for veryone, which primarily consists of healthy brain-growing challenges and activities. Large video game companies such as Big Fish, Broderbund, and Educational Insights are devoted to developing products that will wrack a player’s brain. Collectively, they provide exciting puzzles, history and science education in an interesting way, and dynamic math-oriented games (Gibson). The majority of players are hard at work improving their skills and cognitive abilities, while a few negative cases of video game players get all of the publicity. The benefits of games do not end there, however. (â€Å"The Benefits†) Many online video games provide valuable economic lessons and other important skills required in jobs and professional life. For instance, Second Life, a colossal in the MMORPG (Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games) industry, contains thousands of college students working for credit in their classes and career-related experience. Business students can take advantage of the game currency called Linden dollars, which can be exchanged for real money; they do this by selling in-game real estate and running retail businesses while learning about marketing, budgeting, and management. Fashion design and 3D-modeling students can collaborate to create articles of clothing and wardrobes. Even architectural students are taking advantage of the opportunities that Second Life provides by designing virtual buildings and structures (Driscoll). This video game opens up a world for these students to directly apply the information they are learning in class in a hands-on and logistically sound way. It also provides them with a source of income that supports and encourages their efforts. Other games and simulations are even used to ethically train medical students and to ready military recruits for the harsh reality of war. As a result of sophisticated games such as these, the pupils make less mistakes and are more prepared when they begin their high-risk careers. Aside from these rigid settings, other casual games are developing the skills of teenagers and adults in a more subtle way. Cooperative games such as World of Warcraft require teams of players to work together to reach a common goal. Each individual is given responsibilities and specific roles, and a few people are even selected to lead the group and provide direction and structure. Hundreds of similar games also teach the same teamwork, leadership, and responsibility to their players, which are all vital qualities to have in order to be successful in society. Not only can video games polish an individuals abilities, but they have the potential to facilitate advancements in the fields of technology and science as well. For example, the highly commended game, Foldit, requires the players to fold real proteins in the most efficient way as possible while competing against others online. Computer software alone is not very successful at predicting the future shapes of irregular objects, and so with the presence of the human minds puzzle-solving skills scientists have been able to create breakthroughs through utilizing this game (Toppo). For example, a sample of a monkey HIV protein which had mystified scientists for over fifteen years was recently introduced to the players for analyzing, who were then able to solve it in a mere ten days. The most proliferate solutions may even help scientists develop cures for many medical conditions such as AIDs, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease (Toppo). However, playing video games such as these isn’t the only way advancements have been produced. According to Rick Nauert, PhD, the hardware used in gaming consoles, particularly the graphics cards, have been implemented into medical and research equipment in order to enhance the quality of MRI images and the maps produced by seismic waves. These improvements allow scientists to diagnose medical issues more readily, and helps geologists find new clues to the Earth’s history. In addition, as a result of the competition between elite video game companies such as Microsoft and its adversary Sony, this hardware is advancing so quickly that improvements are constantly available and becoming much more affordable. Smaller laboratories are now able to get their hands on this technology rather than being limited by their budgets. Video game antagonists will argue that gaming chains individuals to their televisions and leads to unhealthy and sedentary activity. Although this can be true in some cases, it is at least a lot more beneficial than passively watching a television program, which would most likely be the obvious second choice for activity. While immersing oneself into a video game, it is required to use critical thinking, imagination, and creativity. If one is about to tackle a ferocious monster, it is imperative that all available information is processed quickly and logically so as to avoid death. The same thing is true if one is navigating through a dangerous obstacle course, or solving a difficult puzzle. Games such as The Sims series allow players to harness their inner creativity to design their own houses, develop their families, and to interact in a simulation of real life. The Tycoon series includes several games such as Rollercoaster Tycoon, Zoo Tycoon, and Hospital Tycoon. In these games individuals act as the boss and coordinator of everything. One is required to build structures and fences, determine admission and event prices, and manage policies as well as staff. As long as one can think of an idea, it can be built and they can watch their ideas come to life. Another fascinating and interactive game is titled Spore. The goal of this game is to guide a group of organisms in the player’s control through the evolutionary stages of life. The individual starts in the cell level and directs their units to find food and reproduce. After undergoing several mitoses, they proceed to the creature stage where it is possible to design the organisms physical characteristics and mechanical features. How well the creature is created determines how adept its survivability and competitiveness is in the upcoming tribal, civilization, and space stages (â€Å"Spore†). Games such as these require a high level of entrepreneurship and originality in order to succeed and crowd out all of the competition. They develop the imagination and promote higher order thinking skills which are invaluable in our demanding society. Finally, the reason that hits home for the majority of video game users is its effectiveness as a stress reliever and object of entertainment. It can be safely assumed that on several occasions individuals have been locked up in their house on a rainy day with nothing to do. In this situation, it is too sloppy outside to do anything and everyone may be plagued with a sedentary attitude. This is a perfect time for them to pick up a controller to keep their brains functioning and themselves amused. Working towards a goal, trying to solve a challenging puzzle, or even just letting loose and dancing to music is a great way to keep oneself stimulated and content. Games allow players to work at their own pace and to make their own choices. This provides them with a healthy outlet to rid the mind of stress. The core of every game is its goal and reward system. There almost always is a goal, and there are always rewards for doing objectives correctly and improving upon past trials. These rewards supply individuals with gratification and a sense of accomplishment. Also, since there is such a wide variety in the genre of video games, everyone can find something that interests them. In short, games are fun; there are games designed to cater to everyone’s interests which can provide a few moments of carefree enjoyment. This reason alone is a good enough rationale to participate in the exciting world of video games. In conclusion, video games are the source of many positive effects. They have been proven to aid struggling students in their academic life, to increase cognitive abilities, and advance the fields of technology and science. They even spark the imagination of individuals and sharpen their ability to be creative. Many professions have already started to utilize the amazing potential that games hold, and the focus of video game companies has started to shift towards education and helpful mediums rather than pure entertainment and mindless violence. Although some may contain addictive qualities and promote physical inactiveness, they are a lot healthier choice than most forms of media and entertainment available today. Video games could very well be the future of education and productivity; outdated curriculum and textbooks could be replaced by them, and they should therefore be embraced and celebrated rather than shunned and ignored by some adults and children alike.

Engineering Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering Ethics Paper - Essay Example As an engineer, the general security of the trident plan needs to be reviewed. Contemplation is usually provided to the nuclear cycle from uranium extraction to neutralizing and waste storage. This consideration should be carried out as a community and to decommission the threats and effects of leading mishaps involved with nuclear missiles or submarine vessels. The following paper will look into past and current nuclear submarine mishaps that have paved way for nuclear weaponry overviews that analyze, provide evidence and recommend leaders on nuclear matters that involve engineering and security of the entire global community (Pfatteicher 2). The ex-Soviet Union (Komsomolets) In reference to particular submarine nuclear incidences, the community and department of defense will offer support to the creation of awareness on the impacts of these mishaps (Wallace, Wendy and Project Staff 1992). On April 7, 1989, an inferno began onboard the nuclear-motorized submarine, the Komsomolets. I n spite of the effort of the crew on board to stop the fire, the inferno grew to a point that was out of control. The submarine descended to a deepness of 5,500 feet, whilst off the Northern coast of Norway, 125 miles from the mainland. A crew of sixty-none men passed away. The sinking of the vessel is one of a kind pattern of mishaps that engage the soviet fleet of nuclear-motorized submarines and vessels. If the recent history of the soviet nuclear commerce is any monitor, it will not be the last. Plans that have been made towards a salvage operation after the occurrence of the mishap have been grounded on approximations of the ecological risk postured by the deepened submarine and the nuclear material released to the environment. In accordance with the facts provided by the Environmental Protection Agency, the loss of the soviet vessel most likely posed minimal ecological threats. Before this loss, the ex-Soviet Union had lost three other vessels with nuclear weaponry, and there was no sign of any radiation leak or other issue posturing as an ecological threat. Reacting to similar problems following the sinking of the submarine off Bermuda involved Vice Admiral Powell F. Carter, Jr., meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to discuss the potential ecological threats brought about by the sunken submarine (Wallace, Wendy and Project Staff 1992). The American nuclear professionals had misgivings over the efforts made by the Soviet crew solely because of the inability of raising the submarine vessel from the sunken depths. Whilst the Soviet navy has tools that could submerge and several rescue and saving ships, they were mainly intended to lever submersibles sent down to save stuck crewmen (Pfatteicher 42). The engineering of the saving tools used by the Soviet ships did not have tonics or hoists able to tackle weights exceeding 750 tons. Engineering specialties from the Environmental Protection Agency stated that the soviets were supposed to adjust supertankers to supply adequate and huge platforms for the rescue and holding of the nuclear material. Apart from that, they had misgivings over the capability of the plan and assembled the tools essential for the rescue operation. Even though the salvage operation was practically possible, it could turn out to be an unbelievably hard task. Rather than raising the subma

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Research paper - Essay Example This is the overall purpose of this research. Skeletal muscle subjected to intense physical stress requires ready availability of energy resources and it is established that carbohydrate intake during exercise delays the onset of fatigue as it is a readily available source of energy. Only in the absence or deficiency of carbohydrates, other reserve sources such as body fat and protein are tapped under normal physiological circumstances. Oxidative metabolism in the skeletal muscle is upregulated by normal physiological mechanisms of gene transcription which increases the mRNA content of several genes in response to the demand imposed as a result of exercise. Carbohydrate intake is known to diminish this activity. Low availability of glycogen resources in endurance training is also known to stimulate gene expression in a manner which can prove beneficial to endurance performance. This physiological adaptation, the authors believe can be tapped for a better training method for athletes. They believe that exercise induced glycogen breakdown is maintained at an optimum level when exercise is done under fasting conditions and this facilitates energy provision from the oxidation of fat reserves in the body. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms can help develop better training programs for athletes, which was the indirect endeavor in this study. The authors’ hypothesis is pertinent to the currently available knowledge of skeletal muscle physiology as increased interest has been generated in this field due to the increasingly competitive environment in the international arena. Studies on trained athletes are numerous and the authors’ selection of healthy individuals from normal population in favor of actual athletes is an appropriate strategy as it can yield more pertinent data about skeletal muscle activity, which is already in pre conditioned and altered state

The Developing Manager (Tourism Management) Essay

The Developing Manager (Tourism Management) - Essay Example Travel & Tourism business is known for its potential and peculiarities. This industry is very much dependent on a range of factors like economic, socio-cultural and environmental. The behavioural aspect holds key to the overall character of the organisation. Clouds Tours and Travel is a group of companies having six tour agencies, serving customers in different segments. In this type of business, customer loyalty is very important as the existing customers serve as the brand ambassadors for the company and its services. The role of leadership therefore becomes very crucial in devising strategies for the achievement of developmental goals of the company. Leadership is something which allows an individual or an organization to lead. Leadership qualities are not just an asset for the individual, but it also helps other members of the organisation or the team. If the manager is found to adopt an aggressive and autocratic approach, as in case of the Clouds Tours and Travel, the company is bound to suffer in terms of a congenial working environment. Underlining the key differences in these two components Hodgson (1987) states that ‘Management is about doing things right, whereas leadership is about doing the right things’. Three main styles of management are defined as1; Autocratic: Managers with this style prefer to have their way and they are least bothered about the suggestions of others around. Managers in Clouds Tours and Travel seem to believe in this type of management only, which is resulting in lot disgruntlement amongst the subordinates. Democratic: Managers with such style of management prefer to take the final decision after due consultation with others around. Their main line of action is to create some sort of unanimity in the final decision. It needs to be emphasised here that an effective manager is the one who holds a balanced mix of these three types of qualities. A number of

Master of Business Administration in Marketing Essay - 1

Master of Business Administration in Marketing - Essay Example The business plan for the Post-Rock band, WhyOceans, is the result of extensive research via the internet, library and personal communication with a variety of individuals. With thorough research of the music industry, specifically the Post-Rock genre, Mr. Tommy Chu was able to develop a business plan supporting the promotion of WhyOceans. This business plan focuses on a plan for each of the areas supporting this promotion including marketing, management, technical and financial, to draw some booking agencies or record company managers. These people are able to book the band’s performances and create album sales throughout Macau and begin to spread the music to mainland China. This business plan will show that the band will become successful. Each year, its sales and revenue are planned increases that are an indication of the band’s success. WhyOceans consists of 6 members based in Macau. Their music combines rock and psychedelic elements and falls into the â€Å"Post-Rock† genre, with roots stretching back to the early days of the Pink Floyd. Post-Rock music is currently an expanding genre. WhyOceans will create a unique stylized image for itself that will help with promotion. WhyOceans’ songs are catchy, melodic and unique. That is the first selling point for the band. None of WhyOceans’ songs sound the same, and while they are stylistically similar there are noticeable differences. WhyOceans will employ an integrated mix of low-cost, highly effective tools and tactics for getting its message out to its growing audience. The band will target Post-Rock music listeners that geographically reside in China including Mainland China, Macau, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The age range of the target market is twenty to fifty years old. WhyOceans will the band will sell CDs and other merchandise through performances, which will consist of festivals and events at other places. The band will also sell records through record stores, and online stores. WhyOceans

Need an Abstract only(Urgent) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Need an Abstract only(Urgent) - Essay Example Specifically, we sought to inquire about the number of top quality artists that they ever signed or produced songs for, the financial benefits and rewards that they have in terms of turnover in the last fiscal year. Similarly, we sought to inquire if there were any losses or any other unexpected financial loss that they firm or company incurred during the lifecycle of the label existence. In order to arrive at our inferences and conclusion, we did online interviews and face to face interviews. We sent them structured questions through their websites with the aim of getting answers or responses in line of the areas of our research interest. It is important to note and record that they were candid and honest with us to answer and respond to our questions to the level best of their knowledge. Similarly, we paid them a courtesy call and visited them in person at their production house. The physical visit was aimed at getting the feel of the physical infrastructure, the music production equipment, the talent present in terms of the technical production and the artists and the general mood of the management of streamsoundrecords in terms of their vision and mission for the company and its growth. During the interview process both online and physical, we arrived at the indisputable truth and fact on what makes the streamsoundrecords to prosper and grow with each passing day. To begin with, they have the best producer in the business, Byron Gallimore, who has produced amazing hits for the last forty years. His skills, talents, experience and expertise has been of good value and worth for the growth and success of the streamsoundrecords label. Secondly, the label only signs artists who have shown a higher pedigree of talent and quality for country music. This is to say that they attract talent which they can fine tune to produce good music relevant in the market for consumption. Our hypothetical stance was

Project Management ( Humanitarian Project) Essay

Project Management ( Humanitarian Project) - Essay Example The basic goal of logistics is to transport these resources with as little loss of as little resources as possible. As mentioned above when it comes to a humanitarian project logistics play a crucial role. Logistics in humanitarian projects are thought of as a bridge between the processes of procurement and of distribution (Thomas, 2003). Moreover the speed with which aid is moved from the headquarters onto the field is given great importance, the less time logistics takes to transport resources the greater number of lives can be saved. Thirdly the data obtained from logistics provides a general idea of successful humanitarian efforts have been within a certain part of the world. The data obtained can be of great use regarding any future relief efforts that are carried out (Thomas, 2003). The current project aims at providing food, water and other basic necessities to Mongolia where people are suffering a great deal from starvation and malnutrition. This part of the report would focu s on the tasks within the project that deal with logistics and transportation. This section would take into account all the processes and steps needed to transport various resources to the various distribution centers that are spread across the field. Work breakdown structure As mentioned above logistics encompasses a number of methods and processes that help smooth delivery of resources from one place to another. These processes can be classified into three main categories processing, transportation and support activities. The processing category takes into account the activities that take place before resources are shipped (Kasilingam, 1998). The process of transportation is considered as the heart of the logistics phase and contains the bulk of activities that are carried out within the logistics phase. The third category is known as the support activities. Support activities comprise of all the activities that aren’t part of the core operations of logistics but are essent ial to optimize the processes involved (Kasilingam, 1998). Individual work breakdown dictionary: Packaging of material: ensures that the material and resources that are being transported are not damaged. Temporary storage of material: once material is procured it is temporarily stored in a warehouse or a storage unit until it is processed and is shipped to its destination. Record material shipped: a formal record of all the materials that are shipped or transported is kept in order to keep the material as organized as possible. Collection of data: data on various aspects such as cost, source of the resource being obtained and the staff of the company collects information about the drivers. Maintenance of records: the information that is collected, in the process above, is properly managed in different databases of the company. Analysis of data: analysis of the information that is collected is conducted to help understand how the process of logistics and transportation can further be optimized in future humanitarian projects. Selection of type transport: analysis is conducted to help understand which mode of transport would be best suited to carry out the task at hand. Freight consolidation: a service that is obtained from the shipping company which helps lower cost of shipment and increases the security of materials being transported. This is achieved by

Germany Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany Class - Essay Example Could they have invented their stories to bring the Germans in a bad light? If so, for what reason would they do so? There are a lot of questions raised in this quest for the truth whether in favor of the Germans or the Jews but what matters is not who a researcher is inclined to support but that, the aim of every researcher should be to dig out and expose nothing but the truth. In the interview of David Cole with Dr. Franciszek Piper (youtube.com), the interviewer cleared himself to be a Jew who claims to be an atheist but still respects and have nothing against his being a Jew. His cultural background may acquire him the benefit of the doubt for being fair in his inclinations about the subject matter however there are other matters that would still need to be considered. For instance, could there be a possibility that the concentration camps and gas chambers been altered to support the claims of the modern Germans? No one may be able to prove what really happened but thinking things over, what could be a stronger evidence against the testimonies of prisoners who survived the

Psychometric Testing Business Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychometric Testing Business Proposal - Essay Example It will rationalise the arguments for seeking an external experienced provider in order to advise and action that implementation. To create awareness amongst branch, regional and national management of the necessity to improve retention levels of existing telephone sales operatives within the organisation. To introduce new methods at the recruitment stage in order to achieve this. Typically this indicates that with a drop-out rate of approximately 3 new staff a month, HFC is losing on average  £1,944 each year just from the loss of newly recruited CAM staff leaving the company after just one month of employment. If applied and monitored successfully the implementation of psychometric testing could be used more widely across other departments within the organisation to ensure greater levels of high performance amongst staff, in addition to overall long term improvements in staff satisfaction. A number of companies have been identified and researched with a view to obtaining the best approach to this methodology and an ability to advise accordingly in terms of the principal objectives of this proposal. It is estimated that an assessment of all the identified specialists in psychometric testing will be presented and the successful tender agreed upon by July 2008. With a new strategic approach to the recruitment process enforced by August 2008. The current questioning system employed by HFC relies on 24 questions which have a numeric scoring system. This does not allow for any thorough quantative or qualitative data to be recorded or investigated for accurate results specific to the candidate. It is clear that this present system affords updating to inform a more accurate interpretation of the candidates commitment, knowledge and realistic expectations prior to being considered for employment. The scope of this proposal is to make a case for

Willy and Biff - Death of a Salesman Essay Example for Free

Willy and Biff Death of a Salesman Essay Willy Loman is a salesman and Biff is a salesmans son. A lot of what some salesmen do is pump up the things they are selling with a lot of hot air; today this is called hype. Well, for Willy, his first-born son, Biff, is everything in the world. Even back when Biff was a football star in high school, Willy wasnt doing too well any longer as a salesman. This fact made him tired and depressed, but at least there was Biff. Biff was someone who Willy could believe in and admire when everything else was disappointment. And so Willy used Biff as the repository of all of his hopes and dreams and he pumped his son full to the brim with his expectations and praise. How did Biff take to all this adulation? It seems he loved it and believed it. One might assume, though, as he matured, Biff could have thought his father went a bit over board with his praise of him, and he might have begun to suspect that his father lived through him. How many times have we seen the parents of high school athletes who are more competitive at school sporting events than their own kids? Why do you suppose that is? What do their kids think of it? With this symbiotic relationship as the background, Biffs trip to Boston becomes even more horrific. Biff has flunked math, and he goes to Boston, where his father is supposedly working, to get Willy to come home and persuade the teacher to change his grade. There, in the Boston hotel, Biff finds his father with a woman. It is clear to Biff what is going on, and he breaks down right then and there. All the years and years of hot air and hype disappear, and Biff is left with nothing but tears and bitter disappontment in his father and in himself. As Death of a Salesman begins, Biff has returned home after years of trying to find himself, the real self away from his fathers hopes and dreams for him, away from his fathers attempt to live through him. In the end, Biff comes to terms with who he is, and Willy commits suicide still dreaming of Biffs long-awaited success and greatness.

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools INTRODUCTION These days, which we describe information era as various technologic developments have been practiced; the leading risk that an organization could obtain is to hang about tactless to change. A lot of important factors such as constant developments in information technologies, information exchange, and increasing and increasing the expectation of the society to a great extent, recent administration perceptions and applications cause organizations none over the world to develop new applications during order to remain. Because of their priority in modern societies, Information Technologies have reached an state of high main concern in learning, too. Recently, contributions of information technology to education have been among the mostly emphasized subjects. Every country aims to make available their citizens with the most existing education in the line of their monetary competence. In support of this reason, immense investment plans about the use of information systems encompass been put into action all around the world. Inside our country, too, in order to prop up Primary Education Program, 600 million $ of loan in total was taken out within World Bank on June 25, 1998 and July 26, 2004. In the first section of the line up, on least two primary schools in each of the 921 countries of Turkey were prepared in conditions of in order technologies and then activated. In commission training courses in relation to the use of computer in main education which was given to 2.250 coordinators of information technology section and 35.000 teachers were financed. In the following section of the plan ending on February 28, 2006, it is projected that information technology software are circulated to the 3.000 primary education schools just about Turkey and education doorway is established. As a result of training 600 computer teachers, in-service teaching is designed for all the primary school inspectors functioning on the pasture, and for at least 106.381 educators shaped of managers and teachers of main schools which have or will have information technology classes, on use of information technologies in learning and use of educational software, which will be ready in line with recent instruction programs School Management Information Systems Being at the commencement stage of the School Management Information Systems, mechanization of the school management is the necessary subject of todays school management. Principals have ongoing to make use of information systems in the gradually-increasing each day management staffs. Frequently speaking, the reasons to use information systems can be declared as increasing helpfulness at work by handing out information, rising managerial effectiveness by meeting the need for information and obtain supremacy in competitions by directing strategies. School management in sequence systems aim to offer maintain for the managing and educational behavior of the school managers by hand out information. Telem (1999) define the management information in his words as â€Å"an executive information system planned to match the structure, management task, instructional process and particular needs of the school†. According to board definition which defines, hand-outs of the information systems to schools can be defined as making programs more successful, making the teaching process and the changes in learning environment professional, enable teachers to swap their experiences in a more well thought-out way, working in teams, shaping the needs of the students, supporting the school managers and other staff in doing their duty, developing their performances, inefficiency and efficiencies. In other words, school management information systems increase effectiveness and efficiency by saving time and facilitate development of alternative solutions for advanced problems Information systems sustain not only information process but also make the support in innovations. Since being amendable to different changes, these systems are helpful to manage with the load for change. Therefore, school management in sequence systems improve the version of the school to the environment. They enable the school to realize and define internal and external information transfer. In this attitude, school management independently meets the demands and hopes of its inner and outside members; and ensures that school activities are arranged perfectly and on time. Beginning of school management information systems to schools have force major changes in the role as well as work styles of managers. School management information systems have changed school management in the areas of management, choice making, workload, human resource management, communication, responsibility and planning. With intent school management information systems hold up the manager in shaping the aims of the school, making long term plans for possible, distributing resources, and producing educational methods of future, seminal performances of teachers and success of the school. In this trend, school management information systems can also be used as a device to begin and use educational direction of the manager. School managers can make more better and reliable decisions when they get rectify and up-to-date information by school executive information systems (Christopher, 2003). Option making is careful as the heart of educational management and shows the significance. Every day, challenging circumstances that need decision making are based on the complex and unpredicted nature of school surroundings. For this reason, as a problem solver, the educational manager has to collect and examine information constantly. In addition to this, managers have been necessary to make more and quick decisions in short times because of the rising prospect from the educational system (Christopher, 2003). In addition, decision making become faster, more regular and more complicated in schools of in the present day. In order to make decisions under such situation, taking and collecting data that is incessant, up-to-date and that can be accessed promptly and analyzing and using this data is a commitment. Success of school development studies are frequently depends on data based decision making, though school managers are not able to use the data professionally in this side. School management information systems give information and a diversity of reports from the database in order to make decisions in line with the aim of the school and make easy controlling of the tricks to achieve the aim. Information technology helps the manager to access, manage and report the information fastly and with no trouble. While telecommunication nets offer the manager with broad resources of information that can be used in problem solving, written communication has been developed richer by means of word processors and e-mails. increased school principles, supported decisions on the stage of control and planning, improved the power of teaching programs, facilitated student-teacher communication, enlarged the skill between teachers, facilitated methodical and continuous information transfer to parents, and increased communication with more institutions and the central organization. In his study where Gurr (2000) examined possessions of information system on school manager of local school, he strong-minded that information system have generally changed the role of school manager. Managers confirmed that a manager who does not use the information systems is not able to attain his duties suitably anymore. Lastly, Anderson and Dexter (2005) in their studies inattentive that technology leadership of school managers is of more important than the backdrop in the efficient use of technology at schools. On the other pass in literature there are researches that show that school managers had troubles in using school management information systems. For example Viscera and Bloemen (1999) in their study with 195 managers and teachers work in 63 high schools in Holland found out those school management information systems were regularly used in everyday work and managers and teachers did not have enough education on the system. Managers and teachers pointed that while school management information systems had encouraging effects on estimation of efficiency of the school, progress of using sources, superiority of educational programming and in-school communication, it increased their heavy workload and caused stress. The research indicated that this stress is reduced in schools where education is sufficiently given on the system and where innovation is clearly declared as a vision. And moreover it was found that the staff that used the system had top motivation, was devoted to take more education, and adopted the vision of the school more. According to this research where Warren (1998) examined the belongings of information systems on educational decision making, he establish out that school managers have not taken enough education on efficient use of the information technologies. Crouse (1994) found that education improved the prospect to use the information systems. Also Jacops (1992) claimed that there was a relationship between the amount of education the managers took, and the use of information technologies. As a result, it can be stated that school managers had to take over the responsibility of leadership in an unknown area without adequate education. It is cleared as we can see communication and information technologies have progressively more had a role on the behavior of schools. During this era, a lot of things have been spooked and written about the significance of computers. Though there are large number researches on the role and need of information technologies in education, numerous of these are about the educational functions of information systems and just a hardly any of them are about school management. We can say that in other words, although there are countless researches on the position of information systems on class and teaching, only some studies have been done on the use of them in educational management and their effects on the managers. The objective of this learning is to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figured out ideas of managers about managerial information systems. In this aspect, following questions were searched: How are the information technology facilities in primary schools in Edirne? What are the studies done by using managerial information systems in primary schools in Edirne? What are the contributions of managerial information systems and the problems in primary schools in Edirne? METHOD Research Model: The mock-up of this research, which targets to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figure out ideas of managers regarding managerial information systems, is review model. Population: Population of this research is created of school managers working in 170 primary schools in Edirne. However managers from 98 schools responded to questionnaires. Among the school managers built-in in the research, 26 of them have worked for 1-5 years (26.5%), 25 of them for 6-10 (25.5%), 18 of them for 11-15 (18.4%), 9 of them for 16-20 (9.2%), and 14 of them have worked for 21 and more years (14.3%). 25 of the participants (25.5%) are undergraduate, 69 (25.5%) of them are graduate and just one of them (25.5%) is a post-graduate. in the middle of the school managers included in the research, six of them didnt react to question about occupational experience and three of them didnt respond to question in relation to education level. Data Collection and Analysis: A survey was urbanized as an tool of data collection. In the first part of the survey, there were some items relating to the personal information of the school managers like as vocational experience and study level. Following part tells us about, the stuff were regarding information technology facilities related to the information systems of the school and opinions of the school managers about technological facilities. The items about the number of the computers in the school and number of the computers joined to the Internet were open-ended and later, they were classifying after examining their distributions. Participants were predictable to select among the options offered for the items about the places of the computers and the ones joined to the Internet and also the softwares used. Finally, there were open-ended items related to the places to check with in case of a problem about the program and the ones related to dependability. third part of the survey shows the, there were items correlated to the studies finished with the school managing information systems and items about by whom these studies were done. This stuff was separated into two parts as the preparation of various documents, lists and statistics, and data entry. The fourth part consisted of the contributions of managing information systems to school management and problems occurred. These items were in the form of five point liker scale. Options were declared as; â€Å"Strongly disagree†, â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"Undecided†, â€Å"Agree† and â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The answers were ordered from â€Å"Strongly Disagree† to â€Å"Strongly Agree† by ranking them from 1 to 5. The fifth part contains experiences of school managers in information systems and effects of managing information systems to the manager. In this part, school managers were asked questions about their experiences in information systems and the effects of managing information systems to their managerial efficiencies and work-related development. Options were ordered as; â€Å"Strongly disagree†, â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"Undecided†, â€Å"Agree† and â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The answers were ordered from â€Å"Strongly Disagree† to â€Å"Strongly Agree† by giving them grading them 1 to 5. And n this part, to determine the validity of feedback form was used the technique of content-related validity according to the opinions of the experts, At the end of the study, the data were analyzed by evaluate their arithmetic average, standard deviation and frequencies and percentages. FINDINGS: The answer of the study were existing under the titles of information technology services of schools, studies done with the managing information systems in schools, contributions of managing information systems to school management, and the problems faced, information system experiences of school managers and effects of information systems to them. Information System practice of School Managers and Their outcome to the Managers Under this title information system experiences of the school managers and effects of management information systems to the managers were presented. Here are the findings about school managers experiences and frequencies of computer and the Internet use and the education they received about these subjects, which were the indicators of school managers information system experiences: the level of computer use of the %32.7 of the school managers was basic level, %54.1 of them was average and %12.4 of them was advanced. Managers stated that their frequencies of computer use (=3.58) and internet use (=3.22) were at a medium level. %81.6 of the school managers received education about working with computers. On the other hand, %77.6 of them answered the question â€Å"Would you like to receive education about computers?† as â€Å"yes†. Findings about the effects of management information systems to the managerial effectiveness of the school managers were presented in Table 10 and findings about their effects to the managers vocational development were presented in Table 11. DISCUSSION According to the outcome of this study which was regarding the usage of School Management Information Systems in primary schools and which mean to decide the viewpoints of the school managers associated to management information systems, it was experienced that the number of computers was not sufficient and there was only one computer joined to Internet in nearly all of the schools. Besides, in a small number of of these schools, there was a web page of the school. Study which was conducted by the Pelgrum (2001) in 26 countries and by Mentz and Mentz(2003) in the schools of South Africa, it was seen that one of the most common hurdles of the applications of management information systems was the insufficiency of the numbers of the computers. Due to this reason, it can be said that there was an important infrastructure problem of the recognition of school managements information systems in todays schools. As Greg rash stated (2004) the uniformity with technological improvements increased with the practice of technology. For that reason, it is compulsory to provide educators chiefly school managers with sufficient technological chances to make them accept and go with the improvements. The problems encountered demonstrate the necessity that the applications of information system should be done in the scope of a useful program. Besides, there is a vital difference among the schools in terms of having these technologies. This inequity makes us think that there is some inequality connected to the usage of these technologies opportunities not only for the manager and teachers but also for the students. This situation shows that there is a possibility of coming face to face with the problem which is discussed extensively and called â€Å"digital division† not only nationwide but also in the schools in the similar province. In addition, it was seen that there are still some school managers and assistant school managers who dont have a computer in their rooms at the schools in the scope of this study. In the middle of the school managers and assistant school managers who have a computer in their rooms, some of them use a computer without an Internet contact. Besides there are some schools whose teachers do not have the opportunity of making use of the information technologies. This is also is seen that The Ministry of Educations objective (MEB, 2002) which is supplying each staffroom with at least two computers; supplying guidance service, library, school managers with Internet access in order to talk with the central and provincial offices and also for the practice of management has not been achieved yet.

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition Definition of Monopoly Monopoly is a well defined market structure where there is only one seller who controls the entire market supply, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. This sole seller in the market is called â€Å"monopolist†. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word â€Å"mono†, meaning â€Å"single†, and â€Å"polist† meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. The monopolist is faced by a large number of competing buyers for his product. Evidently monopoly is the antithesis of competition on. In a monopoly market, the producer, being the sole seller, has no direct competitors in either the popular or technical sense. Thus, the monopoly market model is the opposite extreme of competition. Features of Monopoly The features of a monopoly are: The monopolist is the sole producer in the market. Thus, under monopoly, firm and industry are identical. There are no closely competitive substitutes for the product. So the buyers have no alternative or choice. They have either to buy the product or go without it. Monopoly is a complete negation of competition. A monopolist is a price maker and not a price taker. In fact his price fixing power is absolute. He is in a position to fix the price for the product, as he likes. He can vary the price from buyer to buyer. Thus in a competitive industry, there is a single ruling price, while in a monopoly, there may be differentials. A monopoly firm itself being the industry, it faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. That means it cannot sell more output unless the price is lowered. A pure monopolist has no immediate rivals due to certain barriers to entry in the field. There are legal, technological, economic or natural obstacles which may block the entry of new firms. Since a monopolist has a complete control over the market supply in the absence of a close or remote substitute for his product, he can fix the price as well as quantity of be sold in the market. Abuses of Monopoly Though a monopolist has complete freedom in determining his own price, there are some limits to his power. These are listed below: The demand curve of a monopolist slopes downwards. This is shown as demand curve DD of the monopolist in Figure. On such a curve, a monopolist cannot choose both Price and Output to be sold. He has to determine one of these quantities. If he chooses higher price P1 he has to be satisfied with smaller sales of quantity Q1. If he prefers larger output Q2 he will have to charge lower price P2. The second constraint on monopoly power arises out of the income and willingness of consumers. If the monopolist attempts to charge a price as high as Pn his sales fall to zero. So even though a monopolist has complete freedom to charge any high price this freedom is restricted by the consumer’s ability to purchase goods. Finally, monopoly power also depends upon elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is rigid or less elastic the monopolist has a greater degree of control. As the demand curve becomes more flexible or flatter the monopolist’s control starts declining. This can be explained with the help of Figure. In the figure there are two demand curves. DD1 is rigid or less flexible showing greater monopoly control. DD2 is flatter or more flexible and depicts a lower degree of monopoly control. On rigid demand curve DD1 if the monopolist increases the price from P to P1 the fall in the quantity sold is as small as QQ1. On the flatter demand curve DD2 with the same rise in price, a fall in the quantity sold is as large as NN1. In case of a flexible demand curve there is a danger that even at a higher price, the total revenue of a monopolist may be smaller. This has been further explained in the table below: PRICE RIGID DEMAND D1 TOTAL REVENUE TR1 FLEXIBLE DEMAND D2 TOTAL REVENUE TR2 2 6 12 20 40 4 5 20 8 32 6 4 24 5 30 A monopolist attempts to raise his price from 2 to 4 to 6. As a result of this quantity demanded goes on falling. Yet in the case of Rigid Demand D1, with a fall in the demand from 6 to 5 to 4 Total Revenue TR1 increases from 12 to 20 to 24. With the Flexible Demand condition D2 the quantity demanded falls sharply from 20 to 8 to 5 causing Total Revenue TR2 to fall from 40 to 32 to 30. Hence the slope or the degree of flexibility of the demand curve governs the degree of monopoly power Monopoly market is restrictive and hence considered as an evil form of market. Monopoly is also a source of wastage. It underutilizes productive capacity and reduces Consumer’s Surplus. Underutilization of capacity may cause some workers to remain unemployed. These and other shortcomings can be analyzed and explained with the help of a comparative diagram. We find both competitive and monopoly equilibrium positions marketed by point e1 and e2 respectively. A competitive firm produces output Q1 and sells at price P1. A monopolist produces smaller output Q2 (Q2P1). Competition allows only normal profits to a firm as part of the average cost of production. A monopolist earns extra monopoly profits of the size CSRP2. Under competition output is produced at point e1 which is the lowest point on the average cost line. Therefore competition makes fuller utilization of the productive capacity. Under monopoly output is produced at point S which is on the falling phase of AC. This shows underutilization of the productive capacity. Finally, the size of the Consumer’s Surplus under competition is as large as De1P1 while that under monopoly is only DRP2. Hence under monopoly there is higher price, lower output, underutilization of productive capacity or wastage of resources and reduction in Consumer’s Surplus. Differences between Monopoly,  Equilibrium Competitive Equilibrium There are typical differences between the two types of market models their equilibrium positions. A comparative account of their differences is presented below: The demand curve of a competitive firm for its product is perfectly elastic. It is a horizontal straight line. It implies that the firm can sell any level of out put at the ruling market price. While the demand curve of the monopolistic for his product is relatively inelastic, it is a downward sloping curve. It suggests that the monopolist can sell more output only by lowering the price. To a competitive firm, price is given in the market. So at this price, average and marginal revenue will be the same. Hence, AR MR curves coincide and are represented through the demand curve which is a horizontal straight line. In the case of a monopoly, the downward sloping demand curve represents the AR curve. The MR curve also slopes downwards but it lies below the AR curve. If it is linear, then it lies half the distance between the price-axis and the demand curve. Under both perfect competition and monopoly, the equilibrium output is set at the point of equality between MC and MA. The competitive firm attains equilibrium only when the MC curve intersects the MR curve below. Thus, it is essential that MC must be rising at and near the equilibrium output. In fact, the falling cost curves caused by increasing returns to scale are incompatible with competitive equilibrium output, for the firm’s MR curve being horizontal, the falling MC curve can never lead to a competitive equilibrium position because as the firm will be inclined to expand its size until it becomes so large that its AR and MR curves ultimately begin to fall in order to cut the continuously falling MC curve. This means that the firm will become so large that competition will become imperfect and the individual firm would be in a position to influence the price of its product by altering its own output. In short, perfect competition will cease to exist when a firm increases i ts output to a very large extent in order to attain equilibrium under falling cost conditions. It may, therefore, be concluded that increasing returns to scale or a continuously downward sloping MC curve perfect competition are incompatible. It follows, thus, that a major difference between competitive equilibrium monopoly equilibrium is that while in the case of the former, the MC curve of the firm must be rising at or near the equilibrium level of output, in the case of the latter, this is not essential. A monopoly firm can attain equilibrium under any state of returns to scale or cost conditions, whether constant, rising or falling. The fundamental condition of monopoly equilibrium that must be satisfied is: MC=MR, and the MC curve must intersect the MR curve from below (yet it need not necessarily be rising). Again, when we compare the equilibrium conditions of the two models, we find that the fundamental rule of profit maximization is the same, i.e., equating MC with MR, the characteristic difference lies with respect to price as average revenue and MC. Under perfect competition, price=AR=MR; thus, at equilibrium output, MC=price. In monopoly, on the other hand MRMC. In a perfect normal equilibrium condition of a firm under competition in the long run only, normal profit is realized. In the case of a monopoly, excess monopoly profit can be earned even in the long-run. In fact, the positive difference between price and MC in a monopoly gives excess profit. In the long run, when the competitive firm gets only normal profit, it operates at the minimum point of the LAC curve. Hence the competitive firm tends to be of optimum size. A monopoly firm, on the other hand, attains equilibrium at the falling path of the AC curve, which means it doesn’t utilize its plant capacity to the full extent. The â€Å"excess capacity† in a monopoly firm thus causes it to be of less than optimum size. Usually, the monopoly price tends to be higher while the monopoly output smaller than that under perfect competition. A direct comparison of price and output under monopoly and competition is however difficult because a competitive firm is just a part of the industry as a whole, while a monopoly firm is an industry itself. MONOPOLY EQULIBRIUM UNDER DIFFERENT COST CONDITIONS Firms under all market condition achieve equilibrium at a point where MC=MR and MC is increasing or MC>MR if an additional unit is produced. Under Perfect competition this is possible only if the firm is operating with increasing cost i.e. marginal cost curve is sloping upward. Equilibrium cannot be determined if the marginal cost is decreasing or constant. Equilibrium is possible only in fig A where both necessary and sufficient conditions are fulfilled, whereas in B only the necessary condition is fulfilled and in C neither necessary nor sufficient conditions are satisfied. Unlike perfect competition, equilibrium of a monopoly is possible under increasing constant and decreasing cost as shown in Figure FIGURE shows equilibrium of a monopoly firm with increasing cost. The firms AC and MC curves are sloping upward. MC cuts MR at E. Here MC=MR and for any additional production MC>MR. Therefore firm A reaches equilibrium at point E. TR=OQ1 TP. TC=OQ1SN. Pie=NSTP Figure B, the firm reaches equilibrium at point E1 under constant cost. At point E1 MC=MR and thereafter MC>MR therefore the firm stops its production. At E1. TR=OQ2T1P1. TC=OQ2E1N1. Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 Figure C explains the equilibrium under decreasing cost. Equilibrium output is determined at point E2. Where MC=MR and MC>MR for any additional output. TR=OQ3T2P2. TC=OQ3S2N2 Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 The firm however will not be able to decide its output if under decreasing cost its marginal cost is always below the MR curve as shown in the figure. Fig shows the indetermination of Equilibrium under decreasing cost. Here the MC is all the times below MR hence it is not possible to determine the Equilibrium output. However the case shown in the above diagram may not be practical as the marginal cost cannot continuously decline and become zero. CONTROL OF MONOPOLY Evaluating the economic effects of pure monopoly or partial monopoly form the standpoint of society as a whole, on income distribution, price, output, resource allocation, technological advancement, distribution of economic power, it has been commonly observed that there are more evils aspects than benefits in a monopolistic industry as compared to a competitive industry. THE FOLLOWING POINTS MAY BE ENLISTED IN THIS CONTEXT: The monopoly price is generally higher than the competitive price. Evidently, the consumer is exploited under a monopoly. Output under monopoly is restricted with a view to earning the maximum economic profits. Thus, there is inefficient allocation of resources in a monopolistic industry. It entails waste of excess capacity. Only in a competitive industry there can be optimum utilization of existing plant capacity .In short, under a monopoly a higher price is charged, a smaller output is produced the system of allocation of resources is inferior to that under perfect competition. Usually, excess profit is reaped by a monopoly firm even in the long run. A purely competitive firm, on the other hand reaps just a normal profit in the long run. By virtue of their control over market supply, monopolists can export high prices to make substantial economic profits .Excessive price charged by the monopolists is regarded as a â€Å"PRIVATE TAX† on consumers. On account of high profiteering by the monopolists, society’s income distribution tends to be unequal unjust .The owners of monopoly business tend to become richer at the cost of the consumers. Big monopoly houses may acquire concentration of economic power ion their hands which also endangers political democracy in the country. A monopolist is supposed to be very conservative in the matter of innovation technological advancement .Since there is no threat of competition from rivals in a monopoly market, the firm has no impulse to develop new products or introduce new techniques in production. The monopolist is satisfied with the status quo. In fact sometimes monopolists may buy up new scientific inventions patents destroy them so to avoid rivalry. They do so in order to save loss arising from the sudden obsolescence of existing plant machinery. This tactic obviously obstructs technical progress of the country. Monopoly monopolistic competition tend to aggravate the problem of unemployment due to under allocation of resources. The actual production frontier of the country is kept unduly much below its potential level. This results in a low pace of economic growth in creating poverty in the midst of plenty Monopoly firm quite often resort to unfair practices like price discrimination or cut throat competition infringement of trade marks of rivals .etc with a view to eliminating or killing potential rivals in the market. Many big monopoly houses have tended to spread political economic corruption. It has been alleged that some political parties even govt. officials in India always have a soft corner for certain big business houses. METHODS OF CONTROL They are as follows: Restriction on entry of new firms Restriction on output Monopolists hold on price determination MEASURES OF CONTROL They are as follows: Legislative measures Promotion of competition Consumers resistance Publicity drive Control of price output Fiscal measures Nationalization Co-operative movement Misconceptions about Monopoly Pricing Profits It is commonly alleged that a monopolist can charge a very high price and earn high profits because he has the control over market supply and is a price-maker. This is really not so. A monopolist cannot determine price on the basis of his supply alone. He has to consider the demand aspect as well. In fact, the monopoly price is determined by the relative strength of the forces of demand and supply. Again, while determining the equilibrium price and output, the monopolist is interested in maximum sale because he wants to maximise total profits and not unit profits. So if the demand is slack, he will have to set a low price corresponding to profit maximising condition : MC = MR. Again, it is also erroneous p take it for granted that the monopolists price is always higher than the competitive price. It, in fact, depends on various considerations. If the demand is highly inelastic, while the supply is under conditions of increasing costs, ben the monopolist will restrict output in order to produce at a lower cost anchearn a higher profit. Under these circumstances, obviously, the monopoly price will be very high compared to the competitive price. For example, private monopoly is socially harmful in respect of production and sale of essential agricultural commodities like food-grains for which the demand is highly inelastic while the supply is under increasing costs on account of the law of diminishing returns operating on land. If, on the other hand, the demand is highly inelastic, but the supply is under increasing returns or decreasing costs condition, the monopoly price would tend to be nearer the competitive price. In such cases, monopoly can be socially tolerated. For instance, in producing comforts and luxury items, if a private monopolist invests huge capital, thereby enjoying the economies of scale so that he may supply goods at a low price at a competitive rate, then, such monopoly can be tolerated. Again, when there is a very limited market for a product, a monopolist can supply it at a lower price on account of its low cost of production due to large-scale economies than what is feasible in a competitive market by a large number of firms producing the goods on a small-scale. The competitive market price in such a case will tend to be high because though P AC, under competition, the AC itself tends to be high due to lack of economies of scale and the small-scale of production adopted by each firm . If, however, there is a monopoly which has to cater to the entire market, it would resort to a large-scale production. Hence, the output will be produced at a much lower cost, so even if the monopolist sets a higher price than AC for the sake of high profit, it may relatively turn out to be lower than that of the competitive firm. Similarly, it is also incorrect to say that the monopolist can always earn abnormally high monopoly profit due to his advantageous position in the market. In many cases, demand and cost situation may not be very favourable to the monopolist, so that he cannot make profits. In the long run, the monopolist may be under the threat of new entry in his line of production, so that he may resort to price limit which gives him a lower profit but not a high maximum profit. Potential competition thus serves as a significant constraint on the behaviour of the monopolist. Again, in some cases, the demand situation may be such that the demand curve or the average revenue curve in the long run may be just tangent to the LAC curve. In this case, the monopolist would earn only a normal profit (see Fig. to understand the situation). In Fig., the monopolist decides an equilibrium output OM, and charges PM price. Since the AR curve is tangent to the LAC curve at point P, Price = Average Revenue = Average Cost. Hence, the monopolist simply earns a normal profit. The only difference between such normal-profit monopoly equilibrium and competitive equilibrium is that the monopolist is producing at less than optimum size, i.e., at a higher average cost, while a competitive firm, earning normal profit, would be producing at a minimum average cost, i.e., it has an optimum size. In other words, under monopoly, even though there is just a normal profit earned, there is unutilised capacity of the plant and resources, while in a competitive firms equilibrium, the normal capacity is fully utilised. Anyway, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the monopolist cannot always earn high monopoly profits. Again, the monopolist in the long run should earn at least normal profits, otherwise he cannot survive. A monopolist finding the cost situation much above the demand consideration in the long run has no alternative but to wind up his business.

Cancer and NMR Spectroscopy Essay -- Biology

Cancer is a disease that will most likely affect each and every one of us throughout our lives. There are approximately 560,000 people that die from cancer each year. To put it in perspective, between 1/4 and 1/3 of all Americans will die from this deadly disease. These statistics could be greatly reduced if people would stop smoking. Approximately 35% of all cancer cases are direct results of tobacco use. Many people do not fully understand what cancer really is. Cancer is simply a mutation in the cells which causes them to replicate continuously without bond. Many people relate cancer with tumors, and rightly so. A tumor is basically just a lump of mutated cells which eventually grows so big that it blocks the functions of the organs around it (a benign tumor) or begins to invade tissues surrounding it (a malignant tumor). Although there has been extensive research concerning cancer, nothing has been found that can cure cancer 100%. The reason for this is because a cancer tumor carries many different cancer cells. Every cancer cell reacts differently to each method of treatment, so while chemotherapy may kill some cancer cells in a tumor, other "subpopulations" of cells in the same tumor may not be affected at all. Another problem with cancer is that the cancer cells are able to travel throughout the body, an event known as metastasis. This means that cancer cells in the breast or lung are able to travel to the heart. This means that the cancer can spread throughout the body very easily, making treatment very difficult. While we have no true cures for cancer, there have been a few methods of treatment that have been somewhat successful. One such treatment is the drug cyclophosphamide (which is actually converted to 4-hydro... ...solution, nonradioactive method (NMR), the metabolites can be monitored noninvasively. NMR spectroscopy basically allows one to look at certain certain nuclei, such as phosphorus and carbon, and show resonance. Since there are high levels of both of these elements in cancer cells, the NMR method allowed for clear observation of GSH levels. In addition to cancer cells, many other cell lines have high levels of metabolites containing phosphorus and carbon. With this in mind, NMR spectroscopy is clearly the tool of the future for noninvasive observations of cells. Namely, it can be used for studying molecular dynamics, kinetics, microstructures, and equilibrium levels of chemical reactions. Through the use of more advanced methods and technology such as NMR, medical researchers can begin to piece together the puzzles of biology and medicine within the human body.

Becoming a Better Reader Essay -- Education Reading Academics

Reading is believed by some academia to be the most important activity that a student could do to go ahead in academic pursuit. Some research claimed that many people take reading for granted in their developmental stage. Due to this fact, few learners cannot read properly because they claim they do not enjoy reading. In my observation, not only is effective reading important but to read with comprehension (recall of read text) and for pleasure. The constant engagement with reading for pleasure might sensitize the desire to read. Controlled studies for people with specific learning disabilities recommend SQ4R reading strategy to support people to learn how to read. SQ4R could be considered as a versatile literacy strategy that engrosses students in the processing of information prior to reading, during reading and after reading. It could be used in all subject areas that consider content materials critically. This applies to all types of texts and cut across all sources of information. SQ4R might lead to flexible reading pattern. Flexibility in reading is extremely very important. It is crucial to examine flexible reading as, reading different types of materials. Materials like articles, novel, periodic, journals, and newspapers could build different strategies and approach that would be adapted to different reading styles. SQ4R method is accepted to have the propensity to improve comprehension and academic grades. It could also help student’s make meaning from text in the following ways. Using the SQ 4R strategies prior to reading – will helps to preview texts and establish the reading purpose. The more refine the purpose of investigation is the better the depth of research. SQ4R strategies while reading – help to monitor and ... ...lay the importance of SQ4R. They may either use it unconsciously and claimed they don’t use it. The good thing about the SQ4R reading method is that it gives a better understanding of academic material. It also helps to improve memory. A student is properly geared to focus on the specific area of research by using the Q-question strategy. The R which stand for reflect/relate helps to bridge the gap of old and new information in the memory. A student will always have an accurate fact and current in line with the given area of reasoning. In the end reading will encourage students to read material for both academic reason and for pleasure. Bibliography Forsyth, K. H. (2000). The Effect of self-Reference on learning and Retention. Teaching of psychology , p.269. Hulme, c., & Snowling, m. (1994). Reading Development and Dyslexia. London: Whurr publishers Ltd.

Patient Care

â€Å"I expect to pass through life but once. If therefore, there be any kindness I can show, or any good thing I can do to any fellow being, let me do it now, and not defer or neglect it, as I shall not pass this way again. † William Penn (1644-1718) There are many ways to define patient care in my own words. Doing my job to the best of my ability not only for myself but the patients that are in my care is of the utmost importance.My dedication to my work is defined by my ability to communicate effectively, actively listen, treat the patient with respect, respect their autonomy and take part in the environment I provide care in. By defining my personal point of view on what good patient care is I am setting my own standards to which I will strive to achieve in work and in life. Communication is in my opinion is the most important thing I can do to provide quality patient care. Being an effective communicator has many aspects to it.One is to help the patient feel like a human and not another test or number. Calling the patient by their name. Always talk directly to the patient and not â€Å"about† the patient. Give appropriate explanations about the procedure and explain what will be happening before, during and after the procedure. Answer any questions to the best of my ability and provide answers or solutions to ones I may not be able to answer, Follow up. Communication is not just speaking but actively listening, is not only verbal but also physical.Looking someone in the eye when engaging in conversation is a great way to show you are listening. Hearing a patients worries and concerns and maintaining a calm composed presence can help ease their fears. Not taking a patients anger personally. I know that they do not want to be where they are and probably have many concerns. It is my job to be professional and not react to someone who may be rude or angry due to circumstances that have nothing to do with me. Practicing patience is an important sk ill to develop and hone in the health care field.Involving a family member or whomever the patient may have brought for support is a good idea. Asking the patient if they would like that person or family member to be in the room during the procedure is a great way to relieve any stress they may have going in. Taking the time to listen and hear the patient while having understanding even in the most undesirable situations is my job as a health care worker. Another Important aspect is my dedication to my work. Making sure my room is clean and organized. Ensuring that every piece of equipment in my care is clean and working properly.Ensuring the patient is covered and offering a blanket in a cold exam room is one way to make them feel comfortable. Offering a glass of water if a patient is thirsty. Whatever I am able to provide to make the patient more at ease I will. A reassuring smile and a squeeze of the hand may be all they need. Lastly Respect. To respect a patient concerns, questi ons, family, morals, values and religion is important to providing a quality of care that truly puts the patient first. Patient care has many different definitions, not one answer is wrong or more right than another.It is important to consider what it means to me as an individual, as well as an employee that represents where I work and to take responsibility for creating a good patient care atmosphere. Patient care to me is always putting the patient first. The patients’ needs, concerns and autonomy all have to be respected. I can only hope that in my time as an ultra sound technician that I can provide the quality patient care that I would want given to my family or myself. As Mr. Penn said, be kind and do good things because we only get one chance.

Views on Baz Luhrman’s Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet

Capulet my name is anonymous. My way out for the IOP is based on the film Romeo and Juliet by B Luhrmann . I am dismission to impersonate William Shakespeare with a monologue where I shall speak aloud my views on Baz Luhrmans adaptation of my schoolbook. When I wrote this al-Quran I was attracting a crowd with precise orthodoxed thnking . the judgment of cardinal materialisation l overs button against the smart set merely for lust was intolerable thereof in my harbour they died 4 age into their courtship. Death was their punishment for going against the knomes of the society. my book was a one with a solemn message put forth to the reader.Where as the mental picture which was adapted frm my text seems to be moulded in sanctify to attract an audience with a very openmindset mindset who prefer concordment over moral values. It had a many comical jibes ,mercutio dressing up analogous a girl and dancing at the capulets party,which the new-made crowd would enjoy more. The main aim of the this movie was to take away money,which was done by mocking at my well cognize novel of romeo and Juliet.. adapting their movie from my book mustiness have been a huge improvement for them as tthey wouldnt have needed any script or a new story which has the risk of creation disliked by the audience. hey just changed the costumes and situations into current day ones which will obviously entertain the audience as they picture romeo as a young teenager in the days of previous(a) and not tiring a suit and smoking a butt end on the b apiece.. the movie has a many differnces compared to the book in order to make the film more entertaining. in my book Juliet was 14 years old but in the movie Juliet doesnt appear to be 14 at all. the movie makers changed this aspect of the book in their movie in order to make the barbs expressing lust more entertaining for the crowd.But the priming I had Juliet to be so young in the book was to sidle up accompaniment that her actions were all justified by the occurrence that she was immature. The costumes of the actors in the movie were very western sandwich and commonly worn by the flock of the new prison terms. in my book they were meant to be dress the way the people did during the time of the book being published. instead of wear the olden day clothes characters like benvolio were wearing hawaian shirts and romeo was dressed in a suit smoking a cigarette on the b distributively . scenes like this werent common to see in days when I wrote the book.Instead of actually swords the charactes threatened each other with shinning pistols with the word sword mold on them. this aspect of the movie killed the earnestness as in the opening scene the capulets pointed a pistol at the montagues and lucid him to raise his sword. How will two people have a striking fight holding two pistols against each other? In my book this scene was supposed to be a striking fight . The royal prince was replaced by a police authorized to make the movie more relative to the unexampled world.The yard my book had a royal prince was to highlight he fact that these two lovers were going against the will of the highest authority. the movie portrayed the like situation but the police official replacing the prince is another example which I saw where barz luhrman has presented a change in the film for it to be resembling a modern vivification situation. In two offices of the capulets and the montagues were shown in the film as tall skyscrapers where as my book was geographically set in Verona which is supposed to be a vitiated and silent town. During the time when I wrote this book ,writers and producers would only produce works which gave nigh hints to make the viewers or readers to forge over certain real life situations. but I guess measure have changed and so has the mindset and the smell of the audience. they seem to enjoy mockeries instead of inwardness openers I feel barz luhrman has n ot been sheep pen to my text while depicting it as a mmovie because the movie simply mocks at the text if I had an option to constitute a film depicting my text it would have been very different not changing any scenes for it to be enjoyed by the modern crowd.

Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology

Radio Frequency identification alter TechnologyIntroductionRFID or Radio Frequency appellation is a contact little automated engine room science that makes the fashion of radio receiver set unspiritual ridges to jell corporeal object glasss. It is grouped sm either last(predicate)(a) the wide syndicate of automatic designation plans which in standardized flair include legal profession com tramper codes, optical character adopters and approximately biometric designs, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as retinal s give the axes. All these engineerings ar theatrical role to oerthrow rout the congeries of preen and proletariat needed to input readings manually and to improve informations faithfulness. While well-nigh of the auto-ID engineerings, like tap suffer codification strategys, oft require a individual to manually s freight rateer a label or fine, RFID captures informations on shreds and transmits it to a calculation work arrangement without necessitating a individual to be involved.The RFID 1 system consists of a just the book which is made up of a micro chip with a coi guide windy impart- cool off to an object and a abateorser or interrogator with an aerial. The micro chip in the tag end has an co-ordinated circuit for stack away awaying and treating information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency signal. The spotlight keep hive away either bit often clips as 2 Ks of informations. The intent of aerial is to fox and convey the signal. The endorser is needed to recover the informations stored on RFID tag. It has virtuoso or to a greater extent aerials that die radio moving ridges and receive signals back from the rag. This information is so passed in digital signifier to a computing instrument system by the lector.There be three lineaments of RFID Tags- wide awake, still or semi-passive. While active RFID tag usage a battery to indicant the micro chip s circuitry and broadcast signals to the analy fancyr, hibernating(a) tickets be springed by the electro magnetised moving ridges direct out by the canwatercrafter. The 3rd theatrical role i.e. semi-passive utilizations both their ain batteries and moving ridges from the ref. Since active and semi-passive tickets ar much expensive, they ar typically use for toweringer-value sounds that atomic number 18 scanned over pertinaciouser distances.Though several companies exhaust been utilizing RFID 2 for more(prenominal) than a decennary, its m adepttary value had limitati matchlessd its usage in the yesteryear. For many natural coverings, such as covering separate for just-in-time fabrication, companies could warrant the cost of tags- a dollar or more per tag- by the nose eggs an RFID system generates. Besides when RFID was employ to cold shoulder assets or reclaimable containers within the confederation s ain premises, the tickets could be re employ doing it cost effectual. But the h igh cost prevented its big calibrated table usage in un fasten grant ironss for tracking goods. In these instances, RFID tickets atomic number 18 put on instances and palettes of merchandises by whiz federation and read by former(a), receivable to which they ca nt be reused. However, in recent times payable to be efficient occupation, RFID has started to be used in retail industry to extinguish long lymph node charge waiting lines, aircraft industry for luggage way and so on.HistoryRFID Technology has been more or less for a long powder store near from the primaeval decennaries of the 18th coke its beginning can be approximately traced to around 1920. It was developed in MIT 3 as a agency of communication between automatons.The popular predecessors of RFID could be argued to the embodying twain cases Radio relative frequency was used for designation intents in the IFF transponder come ined in aircraft. The IFF 4 entailment Identification, Friend or Foe was used to brand if the winging aircraft was a friend or a enemy. This application was used in World War II by the British to separate between reversive flights as enemy occupied the di stringent which was less than 25 stat mis off. This engineering is used boulder the Great Compromiser day of the month in commercial aircraft. In 1945, Leon Theremin, created an espionage tool for the Soviet Union. Though this innovation carried no ticket as in RFID, it retransmitted radio frequence with audio information.In 1948, a paper by Harry comport raiser titled Communication by Means of Reflected Power ( Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196-1204, October 1948 ) explored the use of RFID. Stockman predicted that considerable research and development work has to be make before the staying prefatorial jobs in reflected- powerfulness communicating atomic number 18 solved, and before the field of utile applications is explored. 5 With Uranium and atomic engineering deriving wideness in t he 1960ss, the deathly nature of Uranium led to synthetic rubber concerns. So employees and equipments were tagged to extenuate such concerns and RFID came into image therefore. This was d bingle in Los Alamos National research laboratory ( LANL ) on the petition of Energy section of U.S. Government. Transponders were installed in trucks and endorsers at the Gatess. The gate aerial would wake up the transponder in the truck, which would respond with an ID and potentially other informations, such as the driver s ID.In the 1950ss and 1960ss, RF engineering was researched extensively. Scientists from sundry(a) states demonstrated how distant objects could be set. This was used in electronic surveillance this is in usage even today. Objects carry a 1-bit ticket which is turned on or off depending on whether the node has paid or non.The first observable to RFID engineering as used today was registered in 1973 by Mario Cardullo s. Detailss of the patent are as follows U.S. observ able 3,713,148 on January 23, 1973. The patented merchandise was a soundless wireless transponder with retention, powered by the interrogating signal. It was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port. It consisted of a transponder with 16 spot memory for usage as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the usage of RF, sound and visible shaft of light as transmittal media. The ticket used had rewritable memory.In 1973, Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) demonstrated the usage of inactive and semi-passive RFID ticket. Around 1977, the engineering was leveraged for civilian intents from LANL the deepenred to two companies Amtech in New Mexico and Identronix Research in Santa Cruz, California. Therefore, assorted utilizations started getting explored. One of the few experiments carried out was put ining a RFID transponder in a diary cow to look at off ID and temperature. This would assist in analyzing the cow s wellness and prevent overfeeding.Railwaies shifted t o RFID after un self-made use of veto codification to maintain path of turn overing shoot.By the 1880ss, use of RFID shifted to treat betterment. Cost decrease & A size decrease were certain exercises.Over experienced ages, these devices were commercialized and companies expired to higher frequence range- which offered sudden transportation rates. Today, 13.56 MHz RFID systems are used for first appearance command, hire system and smart cards. In the early 1990s, applied scientists from IBM patented an ultra-high frequence RFID system. UHF offered overnight read desktop and faster informations transportation.Wide graduated table axial rotation out was initiated by the Army personnel departments the largest deployment of active RFID was seen in the US incision of Defense. They use active tickets on more than a million transportation containers that travel foreign the state.HOW THE technology WORKSComponents and ProcedureThe basic RFID engineering makes usage of the succeeding(prenominal) constituents 6 1. Active tags Active tickets require a power beginning. They are either connected to a powered substructure or hold energy stored in an in merged battery.2. Passive tags The life-time of a inactive ticket is limited by the stored energy, balanced against the common fig tree of read operations the device moldiness undergo. Passive RFID is of intimacy because the tickets do nt necessitate batteries or care. The ticket anyway check an indefinite operational life and are little plenty to suit into a mulish adhesive label.3. Tag reader* The ticket reader is responsible for powering and pass oning with a ticket* The reader emits wireless moving ridges in eye sockets of anyplace from one inch to 100 pess or more, depending upon its power end product and the wireless frequence used.* When an RFID ticket base on ballss through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader s activation signal.* The reader as well decodes the information enc oded in the ticket s integrated circuit ( te bit ) and the information is passed to the host computing machine for proces blabber.4. Tag Antenna* The aerial emits wireless signals to travel the ticket and to read and compose informations to it.* It captures energy and transportations the ticket s ID.* The encapsulation maintains the ticket s conformity and protects the aerial and bit from milieual conditions or reagents. The encapsulation could be a little glass phial or a laminal charge plate substrate with adhesive on one side to enable voiced strong regard to goods.RFID V BarcodeBarcodeRFIDRFID Benefit Example personal credit line of sightRequiredNot RequiredNo get to orientate scanned occlusionsNumber of heights that can be scannedOne octupleVery fast occupation angle of dip countAutomation and AccuracyMultiple read slues and prone to lose flogingFully automated and extremely sinlessError free carnation list countDesignationMerely serial publication or typeUnique point markTargeted callbackData StorageMerely a meaningless codificationUpto several kilobitsReal clip informations entree in any mendingRFID StandardsWhen an administration trades globally and intends utilizing RFID systems across national boundaries, criterions and ordinances are more of logical implication to tell safety and the interoperability of tickets and readers between merchandising spouses. Where an orgainisation wants to imbibe a closed-loop system which is entirely mean for privileged usage within the one administration so it is relatively easy to choose and optimize a system for those proper(postnominal) internal demands.RFID is non regulated by one trade organic structure however it is in fact influenced by a invention of official organic structures for contrastive facets. Frequencies, power degrees and operate pulsations are regulated in Europe by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) and in the UK by OFCOM.Protocols for commun icating between tickets and readers are proposed by a auspicate of speech organic structures and equipment producers. An administration that is sensitive to the topic of RFID frequently believes that there is one criterion engineering called RFID when in fact there are assorted frequences, criterions, power degrees, communications communications communications communications communications protocols, ticket types and interior designerures with differing operational and public presentation features.Advantage ? air travel of sight? 7 is non call for to read a RFID ticket as against a barcode. RFID tagged points can be read even if they are tail other points. There is no demand for physical contact between the informations bearer and the communicating device. Because line-of-sight is non call for to read RFID tickets, experience list can be performed in a extremely efficient method. For illustration, palettes in a warehouse can be read, inventoried, and their placement c an be persistent no topic where the ticket is placed on the palette. This is because the wireless waves from the reader are strong plenty for the ticket to react regardless of pickle. Line of sight demands in like manner limit the strongness of barcodesas good as thereusability of barcodes. ( Since line of sight is necessary for barcodes, the printed barcode must be exposed on the away(p)(prenominal) of the merchandise, where it is capable to greater wear and rupture. ) RFID tickets can besides be implanted within the merchandise itself, vouching greater huskiness and reusability. The readability of barcodes can be impaired by s crude, wet, scratch, or packaging contours. RFID tickets are non bear on by those conditions. RFID tickets are unfeignedly simple to install/inject inside the organic structure of indemnify beings, therefore assisting to maintain a path on them. This is utile in carnal farming and on domestic fowl farms. The installed RFID tickets give information most the age, inoculations and wellness of the animate beings. Barcode 8 image scanners capture repeatedly failed in supplying security to gems and jewelries in stores. But presents, RFID tickets are placed inside jewelry points and an dis whitethorn is installed at the issue verges. Barcodes have no read/ frame capableness that is, you can non add to the information written on a printed barcode. RFID ticket, nevertheless, can be read/write devices the RFID reader can pass on with the ticket, and alter as much of the information as the ticket design pass on let. The RFID tickets can hive away informations up to 2 KB whereas the taproom codification has the ability to read merely 10-12 figures. An RFID ticket could place the point ( non merely its churchman and class ) . Bar codes merely supply a maker and merchandise type. They do nt place alone points. RFID engineering is better than saloon codifications as it can non be easy replicated and hence, it increases the secu rity of the merchandise. Human intercession is required to scan a barcode, whereas in most applications an RFID ticket can be detected ?hands off.? RFID engineering is a labor-saving engineering. This translates to be nest eggs. Using saloon codification engineering costs, on norm, 7 cents in human proletariat to scan a saloon codification. In add-on, labour is required to set for a set one label decline on for individually one p sufferic crate holder or panel. Add a cost for label alterations and replacings for non clear codifications. And add another for administrative costs for labels that are nt read decently, which causes contrast list mistakes and non-compliant returns and punishments. Tags are available in a great scope of types, sizes and stuffs 9 Relatively low care cost Highly low mistake rateDisadvantage Dead countries and orientation problems- RFID works similar to the manner a cell call off or radio web does. Like these engineerings, there may be certain cou ntries that have weaker signals or interjection. In add-on, sad read rates are sometimes a job when the ticket is rotated into an orientation that does non get hold good with the reader. These issues are normally minimized by proper execution of dual readers and usage of tickets with multiple axis aerial. Since RFID systems make usage of the electromagnetic spectrum ( like WiFi webs or cellular telephones ) , they are comparatively easy to throng utilizing energy at the justly frequence. This could be black in environments like infirmaries or in the armed forces in the field. Besides, active RFID ticket ( those that use a battery to increase the scope of the system ) can be repeatedly interrogated to have on the battery down, thereby interrupting the system. Interference 10 has been observed if devices such as forklifts and walky-talkies are in the locality of the dissemination bosoms. The presence of nomadic phone towers has been prepare to interfere with RFID wireless mo ving ridges. Wal-Mart, the retail sector giant, has installed one million millions of RFID tickets in their merchandises throughout the universe and they have encountered such jobs. Security concerns- Because RFID is non a line-of-sight engineering like bar-coding, new security issues could develop. For illustration, a rival could put up a high-gain directing aerial to scan tickets in trucks traveling to a warehouse. From the informations received, this rival could make flow rates of assorted merchandises. Additionally, when RFID is used for high-security operations such as payment methods, fraud is ever a possibility. Ghost tickets 11 In rare instances, if multiple tickets are read at the uniform clip the reader will sometimes read a ticket that does non be. Therefore, some type of read confirmation, such as a CRC, should be utilize in either the ticket, the reader or the informations read from the ticket. Proximity issues 12 RFID tickets can non be read good when placed on metal or liquid objects or when these objects are between the reader and the ticket. About any object that is between the reader and the ticket reduces the distance the ticket can be read from. High cost- Because this engineering is still new, the constituents and tickets are expensive compared to barcodes. In add-on, software and support forces needed to put in and work out the RFID reading systems ( in a warehouse for illustration ) may be more dearly-won to use. uninformed tags- When reading multiple tickets at the same clip, it is possible that some tickets will non be read and there is no certain method of decision this when the objects are non in sight. This job does non happen with barcodes, because when the barcode is scanned, it is immediately corroborate when read by a bleep from the scanner and the informations can so be entered manually if it does non scan. defenceless to damage- Water, inactive discharge or high-octane magnetic rushs ( such as lightning work st oppage ) may damage the ticket. Global Standards RFID has been implemented in different ways by different makers. There still does non be a individual planetary criterion. Consumers may besides hold jobs with RFID criterions. For illustration, ExxonMobil s SpeedPass system is a proprietary RFID system. If another smart set trea authenticd to utilize the convenient SpeedPass they would hold to pay to entree it. On the other manus, if every caller-out had their ain SpeedPass system, a consumer would necessitate to transport many different devices with them.ApplicationsWAL-MART ( retail )Retail is one country where RFID has been used extensively. It helps in cut downing cost, increasing vulgar and leads to increased client satisfaction. Increased and entire information leads to lesser phone line list and rootage list cost as a consequence goes down. Other than electronic surveillance, investment company list trailing, RFID is used for Brand hallmark as good which ascertain t hat inexpensive replacements are non exchange to clients therefore guaranting client satisfactions. Another application of RFID in retail sector is Promotional show deployment. This was a alternate to analyzing selling impact. Asset tracking applications were besides possible through RFID in retail sector.It is used in the undermentioned applicationsIn-store stock list focusPhysical stock list is clip ruin victimisation RFID to take stock of stock list reduces clip taken by physical stock pickings by 90 % . This is more accurate and stock pickings can be done several times a twenty-four hours. Therefore, cost is greatly reduce.Brand AuthenticationThis is used to look into counterfeiting of high-value cosmetics, electronics, enclothe and pharmaceuticals. This helps in protecting trade name unity by avoiding inexpensive excesss. It enhances client satisfaction by guaranting quality and retaining assurance.Asset TrailingThis is used to happen confounded assets and path assets this would assist in more efficient use of assets. This would take to back uping concern touch on with lesser figure of assets.Inventory Visibility in the impart ChainThe prompt stock list tracking prevents stock outs and loss of client satisfaction. This provides sellers with real time visibility of stock list in the supply concatenation, bettering panorama truth and muffling the stock list whipsaw consequence. 13 Case survey of WAL-MARTWal-Mart and U.S. Department of Defence are the forefront drivers of RFID engineering. Wal-Mart could drive this engineering to some everyone who did concern with them due to immense graduated table of operations and really high bargaining power. The retail concatenation gave a deadline to all its providers to go RFID enabled by 2005. The quiver of this move was seen in India and package companies in India gained from this move as they got a batch of undertakings. RFID do nt look to be as popular in India because RFID can last in organized re tail sector and unorganized retail seems the effectuate of the twenty-four hours in this state.How RFID helpedWal-Mart implemented RFID in 2005 ab initio in seven shops.The company has installed RFID readers at the having docks at the dorsum of the edifice, near the fighting compactors and between the back room and the retail floor. For the instances of goods that are get offped to the shops with RFID tickets, Wal-Mart commemorates their reaching by reading the ticket on each instance and so reads the tickets once more before the instances are brought out to the gross revenues floor. By utilizing gross revenues informations from its storeg point-of-sales system, which is non utilizing RFID, Wal-Mart subtracts the figure of instances of a peculiar point that are sold to clients from the figure of instances brought out to the gross revenues floor. Software proctors which points will shortly be low-pitched from the shelves. It automatically generates a list of points that need t o be picked from the back room in battle array to fill again the shop shelves. By reading the tickets on the instances that are brought out from the back room, we re able to see what points have really been replenished 14 says Langford, caput RFID engineering Wal-MartSupply concatenation is besides expeditiously managed with RFID engineering Once the client picks the information, the provider is informed rough the purchase. This helps cut down BULLWHIP EFFECT. This is achieved through Wal-Mart s Retail Link extranet.Retail employs immense work force in In-Store Receiving, Stocking, look into out and taking stock list. This can be freed with employment of RFID. It would cut down cases of Fraud, stock-outs. It improves supplier-retailer relationship, client service & A plus elbow room The right merchandises are available at the right shops at the right timeWESTERN title-holder TRUCKS ( FREIGHTLINER )Freightliner-Western Star Trucks is the taking intemperately-duty truck ma ker headquartered in Portland, USA. The production installations span across coupled States, which produce a broad scope of heavy responsibility building and public-service corporation trucks, long grab main road tractors, mid scope trucks for distri aloneion and service, and exigency service setup and recreational hauliers.Problems confront 15 Freightliner was confronting jobs in footings of increasing costs. It therefore cute to better efficiency and truth of its mental imagerys managing in order to better control fabrication costs. It wanted to follow the motion of assorted parts right from stock list to the mill floor in Portland works. It wanted to accomplish a trailing system that has the undermentioned characteristics* It should be automatic, so that labor costs bloked with stock list handling and trailing could be reduced* It has to be accurate and efficient, so that expensive holds caused by misdirected and erroneous parts managing could be eliminated* It should be easy integrable with bing plus perplexity databases, in order to farther streamline stock list refilling and resource direction* It should be scalable in order to enable enterprise-wide extension after it is proven in PortlandIntegration of the bing mathematical operations into the new system was their major job. This called for parts needed on the production line to be put into stock list carryalls, placed on nomadic jerks and so steerred onto the store floor. The eject carryalls were so returned to the warehouse. The Portland installation used about 750 carryalls of different sizes.How RFID helped 16 RFID was implemented to work out the above job. RFID tickets were machine-accessible to the jerks. The tickets were encoded with the GRAI format that is intended for assignment to single objects and is the corporate criterion for tote designation.The new system identified each carryall and jerk with RFID tickets. Tote and column motion was so tracked as each passed through o ne of the two dock door portals equipped with RFID readers and aerials. A dealing reaction was so automatically generated and sent to the database on the corporate waiter. The reception inside informations the location, day of the month and clip the dealing occurred, every bit good as the carryall and tug information. The complete parts tracking upshot delivered the needful efficiency, truth and ability to pare labour costs.This ascendent instantly paid off. It reduced labour costs importantly. Inventory pick mistakes reduced in figure and, mis-ships and production lines started having seasonably and right parts.LOCKHEED MARTIN ( defense ) 17 Problems approachMost naval forcess in the US antecedently employed some type of a decoy-launching system, which had been available for many decennaries. The ALEX ( Automated set up of Expendables ) systems were designed to counter inward enemy anti-ship missiles. When it determined that an anti-ship missile is headed its manner, groun d on cues from ship notice detectors, the steersmans were pink-slipped consequently. Decoys deploy stuff such as ridealuminum-coated strands of glass or other stuff that emit infrared wavesthus making false label to confound or counter nearing ASMs, and deviate them from their intended mark. One job naval forcess faced is how to guarantee the right steerer is fired to counter a particular missile menace under impinge conditions. Because there are many types of steerer getaways, all of a similar size and form, there is a possible for errors being made during the unconscious process of onus a launcher. Typically, the crew of the combat information centre ( CIC ) room relied on informations provided on paper, or over a voice nexus with the steerer despatch crew.How RFID helpedThe RFID engineering offered ship s forces real-time visibility into which types of steerers were deployed, every bit good as which position they were installed in, and helped guarantee that the proper unit of ammunition is fired off, potentially in a split-second determination, while the vas is under onslaught. The RFID-enabled automatic round-identification system ( ARID ) had been triumphful with the naval forcess of some states, motivating Lockheed Martin to supply the same characteristic to all of its clients throughout the universe. Mounted onboard the naval forces s battler vass, the steerer launchers, provided by Lockheed Martin, were outfit with RFID readers, and decoy cartridges were fitted with RFID tickets.Each Lockheed Martin steerer launcher ( typically two, four or six launchers per battler, depending on ship size ) had a set of six tubings, leting 12, 24 or 36 steerers per ship to be strong and fired. Each launcher contained a low-frequency RFID reader with six channel options for redundancy. The reader was wired to six aerials, one at the base of each barrel. Naval forces extend a little discoid ticket, compliant with the ISO 11784/5 criterions and encoded wit h a alone ID figure, to the underside of each steerer cartridge. Sailors could so utilize a hold interrogator to read the ticket s ID figure and associate it to the type of steerer to which that ticket is attached. When the tagged cartridge is loaded in the launch barrel, the reader identifies the ticket s alone ID figure and transmits that information to the ALEX system.To guarantee the RFID system would run decently in the strict environment of a vas at sea, Lockheed Martin put the system through heavy testing , doorkeeper ( Chief Engineer ) says. This included quiver, daze, temperature and wet exposure, every bit good as proving for electromagnetic intervention ( EMI ) with other systems on a ship. The maritime environment is really rugged, so the testing had to be rather strict, he adds.MUNICH AIRPORT ( AEROSPACE ) 18 picture_rfid_technology.jpgMunich Airport, the 7th busiest in Europe, served more than 15 million riders and moved more than 100,000 metric dozenss of clog i n the first half(a) of 2009.In July 2009, the aerodrome began a trial utilizing Aero observation post s T6 GPS-enabled Wi-Fi active RFID ticket to track shipment dollies, and to incorporate that information into its airdrome influence direction ( APM ) package. The end was to enable directors to turn up dollies immediately, and to bang instantly which were available for usage.After acquiring imperious consequences from a current navigate undertaking using radio frequence designation to track lading and rider luggage dollies as they move about its outdoor incline, apron and gate countries, Munich Airport has inflexible to go on utilizing the engineering after the pilot ends in December 2009.The trial showed that tracking cargo dollies prevents holds or breaks due to mislay or upset dollies, improves plus managementby alter the airdrome to be after in progress for the dollies usage, every bit good as brand sure they are in the right topographic point at the clip they are ne ededand optimizes stock list and care procedures by extinguishing protracted hunts for dollies that need to be repaired or inspected due to regulatory demands. In add-on, the airdrome will besides be able to bear down lading companies more accurately, based on their usage of rented dollies.As share of its trial, the airdrome outfitted about 80 freight dollies with RFID tickets. In add-on, it attached tickets to 10 dollies for LD-2 containers, which are used to hive away up to 120 three-dimensional pess of lading, and to two luggage dollies. The tickets were attached to a skirt s frame or to the enlistment used to link one skirt to another.The battery-operated tickets include GPS faculties for finding a dolly s location out-of-doorss. This GPS information is takered to the cardinal database by the airdrome s bing Wi-Fi web, which covers 15 million square metres of the installation, including the terminuss, aprons, Gatess, hangers and track borders.If a dolly is inside the instal lation, its ticket detects this, and the system switches manners to figure out the plus s location, based on the specific Wi-Fi entree points that receive the ticket s signal.SOUTHEASTERN CONTAINER ( MANUFACTURING ) 19 Southeast Container was formed in 1982 as a in private owned company under the ownership of a group of Coca-Cola Bottling companies. Today the company operates as a fabricating cooperative with 10 fabricating locations bring forthing shaping bottles. Southeast Container handles about 70 per centum of the bottle production for Coca-Cola in the U.S. and besides works with bottle makers outside of the cooperative. The company keeps quality and service high with a focal point on uninterrupted betterment.Problems facedWith roots in the southeasterly U.S. , southeastern Container presently has ten fabricating installations across the East Coast, Illinois and Wisconsin. At the company s three injection modeling installations, bottle spaces called preforms are manufact ured. The charge plate preforms are blown into bottles at south Container s blow-molding installations and at bottle makers outside of the cooperative.The preforms are shipped to bottle fabrication workss in makeup board containers or bing plastic bins. Ideally, these containers are returned empty to the injection modeling installations to reiterate the pulse. However, jobs with this return procedure were bing Southeastern Container 1000s of dollars each twelvemonth.Some containers are baffled or damaged in theodolite and must be replaced. In add-on, the design of the bing containers prohibits Southeastern Container from tap the capacity of transporting dawdlers, ensuing in the company compensable to transport air for each burden. Finally, composition board containers are frequently pre-assembled to salvage clip, and the to the full assembled containers take up warehouse floor infinite. In the procedure of transporting one million millions of preforms, these issues add up.How RFID helpedSoutheast Container be after to turn to these jobs by replacing the bing containers with a new version a specialised returnable plastic bin. While the new folding bins were designed to significantly cut down costs and increase efficiency, each of them is about 10 times the cost of a composition board container. Therefore, rhythm numeration was introduced to track bin life-times against the figure of rhythms guaranteed by the maker.We decided to rhythm count for stock list control, traceability, and to formalize bin life-time, and we chose RFID tracking as the most effectual method, verbalise John underbrush, Engineering Manager, Southeastern Container, Inc. We already use barcoding extensively, and have looked at RFID on a figure of occasions during the old ages. RFID was the right pick flat because it s low-cost and the engineering is at a point where it can supply the dependability and truth we need, he explained.Southeast Container worked with its spouse, Decisi on Point systems, to architect an full end-to-end solution to undertake this challenge. The system execution started with a pilot RFID system for rhythm numbering the new bins. The solution includes Motorola determineed RFID readers, Motorola RFID aerial, Motorola RFID rugged hand-held readers, and OAT Systems Oat Asset Track package. In add-on, Southeastern Container relies on the Motorola Service from the Start plan for fix coverage for its Motorola RFID handheld readers. We worked really difficult to meditate the RFID ticket choice with the Motorola devices to maximise roaring reads for both full and empty bins, said Gary Lemay Senior Solutions architect for Decision Point systems. We besides had great success custom-making the Oat Systems package to update both the SQL Server database and supply a web service connexion to Southeastern Container s warehouse system.The pilot at one injection-molding installation was really successful, and Southeastern Container is continuing with a phased rollout across its operations. When the system was to the full deployed, each of the about 30,000 bins were for good identified with an RFID ticket and tracked utilizing Motorola XR440 decided RFID readers.In add-on to utilizing the handheld RFID reader at Southeastern Container, the company besides supplies them to the bin maker. As bins were produced, the maker captured the barcode and RFID tag information for each one, enabling Southeast Container to associate the two for guarantee trailing and seller enfranchisement.The pilot was really smooth, and the system has proved to be dependable. Once this was to the full rolled out, the ROI ameliorate in less than two old ages, Underwood said.The benefits included Salvaging 1000s of dollars a twelvemonth in go across costs Reducing container loss and guaranting traceability Achieving ROI within two old ages of full execution Supplying accurate informations on bin life-times for guarantee contracts Establishing a succ essful use-case with RFID engineering to leverage with a broad scope of future warehouse and stock list control attemptsLooking in front, they are even be aftering to see a similar RFID system for real-time trailing of outward cargos.SAIPEM ( ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION ) 20 Problems facedSaipem is an Italian technology and building company for subsea oil and gas production. It began pursuance a solution to cut down labour hours spent seeking for losing points, every bit good as to pass the incidence of holds caused by equipment non geting at the right location at the proper clip, or traveling losing wholly. The other challenge Saipem wanted to turn to was safety. The company wanted to happen a system that would extinguish the demand for field operators to mount onto equipment in order to visually turn up a consecutive figure on an point, which they would so hold to manually enter.How RFID helpedThe house chose an RFID solution that would enable its direction to cognize the loc ation of equipment on off margin sites throughout the universe, every bit good as allow employees to safely place equipment. The solution, installed by Milan systems planimeter ACM-e, includes inactive ultrahigh-frequency ( UHF ) ticket provided by Omni-ID, which can be read from a distance of 8 metres ( 26 pess ) or more. The ticket needed to be tough, so that they could non merely be read in the presence of steel and H2O, but besides withstand temperatures runing from -60 grades to +50 grades Celsius. Therefore, the tickets were enclosed in an impact- and crush-resistant proprietary stuff specifically chosen for this application.Saipem fastened Omni-ID Max tags to its ain assets, foremost labeling its steel points, so puting tickets on musca volitanss and buoys. When a piece of equipment was found without a ticket, operators could plan a new one, inputting informations sing the point to be linked to the ticket s alone ID numbersuch as its consecutive figure, description and manufa cturerand so bolting or weld it to the plus. The information related to that point is stored in Saipem s ain proprietary logistics support package, known as NAMASTE.Saipem s staff used a Motorola handheld computing machine with a constitutional RFID interrogator around the work site, to turn up losing points and to find which points the company had on site. Using the handhelds, workers were able to identity points without mounting onto hemorrhoids of equipment, or the vehicles onto which they are loaded.When a piece of equipment was needed, it was foremost pass from its storage location ( based on stock list informations maintained in the NAMASTE package ) , where its ticket is scanned with a hand-held reader to make a record of its cargo. When that point reached the shore of the boring site, the plus was once more scanned to bring forth a record of which points have been sent to the seaward site. Once an plus was returned to storage, that same procedure is carried out, with the t ickets being scanned as they reach shore, and one time more when they are placed in one of Saipem s storage installations. The Motorola handheld computing machine could hive away the read informations, which was so uploaded to a Personal computer at the terminal of a twenty-four hours via a USB connexion.Saipem s employees could log into the NAMASTE system to see what had been shipped out of storage or to the offshore site, and when. The system could besides alarm users if a requested point had non been shipped, or if a piece of equipment doom for one location was received at a different one.The tickets were besides scanned when assets were certified by an examiner as safe for usage, and recertified one time they bury the drill site and are once more inspected. In this manner, the company s direction knows when each piece of equipment was last certified, and can supply that record for insurance intents, if necessary.The RFID system went unrecorded in November 2009, with the objec t of tracking 20,000 points, including offshore vass ( used to entree oil boring site ) , every bit good as Cranes, boring rigs, steel pipe, slings, bonds and buoys. Approximately 1,000 points have been tagged.Saipem expects the RFID system to cut down the pattern of geting extra stock list due to points stoping up losing. The company besides expects the system will diminish the sum of waste it generates. Without an RFID-based trailing system, assets frequently had to be scrapped, because it was impracticable to follow how old they were, or when they had been inspected and certified.The RFID solution, utilizing Omni-ID tickets, improved safety and security, and helped the employees better perform their occupations in a insecure environment. That was the biggest benefit gained by Saipem. 1 hypertext transfer protocol //www.rfidjournal.com/article/article legal opinion/1339/1/129/ 2 hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification 3 hypertext tran sfer protocol //www.rattei.org/CSCI3921W/history.html 4 hypertext transfer protocol //members.surfbest.net/eaglesnest/rfidhist.htm 5 hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID 6 hypertext transfer protocol //www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.asp 7 hypertext transfer protocol //www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.php 8 hypertext transfer protocol //www.usingrfid.com/ intelligence operation/read.asp? lc=s44325nx1433zg 9 hypertext transfer protocol //www.databrokers.net/body_why_rfid.html 10 hypertext transfer protocol //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp? ArtNum=20 11 hypertext transfer protocol //www.idautomation.com/rfid_faq.html RFID_Advantages 12 hypertext transfer protocol //www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rfid-technology.html 13 hypertext transfer protocol //www.alientechnology.com/docs/SB_RFID_Retail.pdf 14 www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1385 15 MIKOH Corp. ( 2007 ) , RFID Case Profiles 1 6 hypertext transfer protocol //www.aimglobal.org/members/news/articlefiles/3497-Freightliner_cs.pdf 17 hypertext transfer protocol //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/7272/2 18 Ref hypertext transfer protocol //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/5316/2 19 hypertext transfer protocol //www.aimglobal.org/members/news/articlefiles/3500-Southeastern-Container-cs.pdf 20 hypertext transfer protocol //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/7432/3